A personality disorder exists when the habits that constitute a personality are inflexible and damaging. Inflexible and maladaptive personality traits can cause significant impairment in social or occupational functioning or subjective distress. In some cases, one may not realize that they have a personality disorder because thier way of thinking and behaving seems natural. And they may blame others for the challenges they face. Personality disorders usually begin in the teenage years or early adulthood. There are many types of personality disorders. Some types may become less obvious throughout middle age. 

Illiteracy is the inability to read and write. A person is defined as illiterate if he cannot, with understanding, both read and write a short and simple statement on his everyday life; and as functionally illiterate if he cannot engage in all those activities in which literacy is required for the effective functioning of his group and community, and also for enabling him to continue to use reading, writing and calculation for his own and the community's development. Lack of such abilities prevents individuals from going about their daily activities in modern society, seeking suitable employment, or moving about normally with comprehension of the usual printed expressions and messages they encounter. Its consequences include inability to take up basic social services, fill in even simple forms, and understand traffic instructions or other danger signs.

The covert collection of information about a rival or an ally may concern social, military, industrial or political data and may occur between different countries and ideologies or between rival firms or rival political groups in the same country. Highly sophisticated technological means are often used.

Increasing population density, urbanization, industrialization and other development schemes, are exerting ever increasing pressure on the carrying capacity of land and resources, leading in particular to a rapid rate of deforestation, expanding desertification in some countries, and the near extinction of some wildlife species. Physical factors such as earthquakes, hurricanes, monsoon rains and the immense problem of poverty in some countries accelerate the decline in environmental resources.

Tuberculosis is an infectious bacterial disease, one of the most prevalent infections of humans and higher animals. It is the leading infectious killer of adults worldwide, and it is coming back in the wake of HIV-related illness. Not long ago, it seemed that TB was nearly eradicated. Today, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that about one-third of the world's population is infected, with seven to eight million new cases of tuberculosis occurring each year. Annual tuberculosis mortality is between two and three million people, making this disease the most common infectious cause of death in the world and the leading cause of death for people infected with HIV. Poverty, antibiotic resistance, HIV infection and global travel have all led to increases in both TB incidence and mortality. People with lowered resistance—due to lack of health care, poor health or immune disorders—are at increased risk of infection. Also at risk are those in close contact with an infected person.