Deprivation occurs when an infant or young child lives in an institution or hospital where he has no major substitute mother and where he receives insufficient maternal care, or when a young child lives with his mother or permanent substitute mother, from whom he receives insufficient care and with whom he has insufficient interaction. Deprivation may also come about through the child's own inability to interact with a mother-figure despite the fact that one is present and ready to give sufficient care - this inability to interact being consequent on and presumably caused by previous deprivation experiences.