All projects have a common "project cycle". This is a clearly identifiable sequence of stages through which a project progresses, and it is a feature of all projects. Project implementers put more effort into some stages than others, but the following sequence can be regarded as a constant: identification of the problem; preparation of ways to tackle the problem; appraisal of the solution; arranging funding and other resources; planning, programming, implementation and control of the physical activities on the ground; monitoring the progress of the work; and evaluating the final outcome of the work.Useful guidance is given on preparing project proposals by the use of "SWOT" (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis and risk assessment, costing of project activities, and progress monitoring and evaluation.