Patterns & Metaphors
Parts of speech
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Nouns and verbs and their modifiers, adjectives and adverbs, are those word classes called the autonomous parts of speech of a language. The classes or parts differ from language to language, being present in some and absent in others. In addition to the autonomous parts, for example, there are the auxiliary parts, such as conjunctions, prepositions, particles and articles. Other parts are numerals, which as cardinals may have a noun-like function and as ordinals are modifiers; and exclamatory interjections (except that most linguists refuse to consider whistles, sighs, moans, clicking and other laryngeal or buccal sounds as parts of speech since there is no standard transcription system for these). Parts of speech are classified by how they are related to one another in rules of use (syntax); how they are formed (morphology); how they function (logic); and in what ways they bear meaning (semantics). Parts of speech are not synonymous with parts of language (or communication) which is a larger category since it includes visual communication by different methods. Analysis of language, as a form of presentation, enhances the technique of its use and any communication may be evaluated by its employment of all the parts of language including such things as volume and inflection in speech and light or colour intensity in pictorial communication. Some forms of speech, e.g., poetic recitation, require extenisions of reductive analysis.
