Developmentalism

Deficiency in the development model

Nature

Development has become the central organizing concept in terms of which the historical movement and direction of social systems are analyzed, evaluated and acted upon. It is now a methodological principle, and analytical matrix for conceiving and interpreting social processes, a regulative idea in terms of which these processes, and the structures they give rise to, are compared, evaluated and given some sense of direction, as well as a praxeological notion for mobilizing and justifying social action in pursuit of policy objectives. As such it is the dominant myth of the current epoch. Although many alternative development theories and programmes emerge to challenge or surpass the weaknesses of their predecessors, such apparent advances obscure the enduring nature of the underlying commonality shared by such differing initiatives and which circumscribe their scope. The demands of the developmental crisis and theory diverge farther and farther from each other such that the current development debate comes to resemble more and more the scholastic debates that marked the transition from mediaeval philosophy to modern thought. The underlying commonality is that the dynamics of the world system as a whole are essentially determined by the movement of capital, namely the valorization and accumulation of capital on an ever-expanding scale. It is this process which lies behind the historical and contemporary development of the modern world-system, and it is this which developmentalism, as the philosophy of that system, expresses and subserves, resulting in unequal and uneven development as well as recurring cycles of expansion and stagnation.

Incidence

In seeking to "develop" themselves via developmentalist strategies, individual countries collectively promote capital accumulation on a world scale, and hence also reproduce the contradictions inherent in the movement of capital, globally and within each of them. It is because developmentalism refuses or is unable to recognize these fundamental contradictions, which continue to intensify crisis after crisis, that is has reached an impasse. This impasse, in turn, is nothing else but the particular expression of the crisis of the world-system itself. The immobility of the philosophy is conditioned by the contradictions of the global society.

Claim

The development of the current world crisis has led to a crisis in development itself, not only in practice, but also in theory as well. Since the mid-1970s, there have been a plethora of alternative proposals to rethink the development problématique and formulate new development concepts and strategies. The sheer quantity of the research output has been in inverse proportion to the concrete development results.

Counter-claim

The failure of developmentalism cannot be ascribed either to lack of ideas or to a dearth of creativity. Its contributions in creating a rich and diversified economic structure have been colossal. Its failure was due to: its inability to control monetary and financial imbalances; the productive structure it generated that placed great emphasis on the concentration of resources; and the approach to development was primarily economic, thus neglecting other social and political processes.