Collaboration with the enemy

With the change in regimes in eastern Europe and the collapse of the former USSR, the release of secret police and similar files led to the exposure of many individuals as collaborators.

Public trials began in Kuwait in 1991 of 628 alleged collaborators suspected of aiding the Iraqi forces during the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. The accused were mainly Palestinians and Iraqis, and regarded by many as innocent victims of the public need for vengeance.

One example of Vichy French collaboration during the Second World War was the arrest by Paris police of some 13,000 Paris Jews for deportation to the Nazi concentration camps. There were around 4,000 children included. About 400 survived the war. France's Roman Catholic Church has also been accused of fully supporting the Nazi government of Vichy France.

Around 242 Belgian collaborators were executed after World War Two, most members of the Gestapo; another 58,000 were gaoled and stripped of their right to vote, attend university or collect war pensions. In 1999, the Appeal Court overturned a controversial law offering compensation to Belgians who became "victims of repression" by their collaboration.