Penance

This term is generally used to describe an external act signifying internal repentance, consciousness of previous sin/wrong-doing, and conversion. Forms include public confession, baptism, fasting, prayer, wearing of uncomfortable clothing (hair shirts), physical disfigurement, sacrifice and acts of charity. Penance may be individual, group, or by an individual acting symbolically for a group (for example a priest or a king). In the Christian tradition penitential acts and abstinence are also used to emulate the life of Christ and master human inclinations.

As a sacrament of the Church, penance may be equated with the sacrament of reconciliation. In order to rid him or herself of sin committed since baptism, the penitent makes full and sincere confession, expressing genuine sorrow for sins committed. The priest then, having counselled the penitent, prescribes the act of penance and the penitent receives absolution.