Joint implementation can be seen as a first step towards a more balanced, comprehensive, multilateral system of commitments (such as tradable permits) to deal with the problem of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Care should be taken to ensure that the modalities and guidelines for the development of joint implementation projects are designed to respond to a number of concern, including the need to ensure that weaker countries obtain a fair share of the benefits of the programmes; that programmes promote emission reductions at the source, as well as increase carbon sequestration; that joint implementation investments are clearly additional and are not made at the expense of ODA; and that the focus of such investment in developing countries does not divert attention from the need for CO2 emission reductions in industrial countries. However, joint implementation involves investment mainly by the private sector.