This complex reassessment of cities reached a turning point at the Istanbul Summit on Human Settlements. The Summit marked the birth of an alliance between governments and cities to promote sustainable development as well as the provision of a common language, syntax and grammar of urban development in which cities are a key factor in global development, without thereby minimizing any of its problems and difficulties. The growth of civil society has accompanied the profound change cities are undergoing today. Neighbourhood councils, self-help groups, and the like have become key players in urban development.