Examples of critically endangered species of Anseriformes (ducks, swans and geese) classified in 1993 by the IUCN as having a 50% probability of extinction within 5 years or 2 generations, whichever is longer, are: the Brazilian merganser [Mergus octosetaceus] with a known population of ca.20; Madagascar pochard [Aythya innotata] (one bird seen in the last 20 years); Madagascar teal [Anas bernieri] (only one breeding site known with 10 pairs in 1992); Campbell Island flightless teal [Anas aucklandica nesiotis] (population of 30-100); and the crested shelduck [Tadorna cristata] (last recorded in 1971).