The Encyclopedia
of World Problems
& Human Potential

Slander

Name(s):

Risk of slandering

Calumny

Nature

Defamation of character in speech - slander - is not usually a criminal offence (except in some jurisdictions in Australia and the USA) unless offensive words are blasphemous, seditious or obscene. It is not an actionable offence unless proof of 'special damage' is produced, such as the loss of advantage other than reputation. Slander must impute a punishable crime, a loathsome disease, adultery of a woman, or charges which would prejudice the plaintiff's profession. Under certain jurisdictions no distinction is made between libel and slander (as in Scotland) whereby the latter becomes actionable on grounds otherwise reserved for libel. Under other jurisdictions (non-actionable) slander includes written innuendo (such as in the USA).

Broader

Risk

Malice

Defamation of character

Aggravates

False accusations

Aggravated by

Lack of integrity

Reduced by

Restriction of freedom of expression

Strategy(ies)

Risking slander

Reducing risk of slandering

Value(s)

Reference(s)

Sack, Robert D: Libel, Slander, and Related Problems

Type

(D) Detailed problems

About the Encyclopedia

The Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential is a unique, experimental research work of the Union of International Associations. It is currently published as a searchable online platform with profiles of world problems, action strategies, and human values that are interlinked in novel and innovative ways. These connections are based on a range of relationships such as broader and narrower scope, aggravation, relatedness and more. By concentrating on these links and relationships, the Encyclopedia is uniquely positioned to bring focus to the complex and expansive sphere of global issues and their interconnected nature.

The initial content for the Encyclopedia was seeded from UIA’s Yearbook of International Organizations. UIA’s decades of collected data on the enormous variety of association life provided a broad initial perspective on the myriad problems of humanity. Recognizing that international associations are generally confronting world problems and developing action strategies based on particular values, the initial content was based on the descriptions, aims, titles and profiles of international associations.

About UIA

The Union of International Associations (UIA) is a research institute and documentation centre, based in Brussels. It was established in 1907, by Henri la Fontaine (Nobel Peace Prize laureate of 1913), and Paul Otlet, a founding father of what is now called information science.

Non-profit, apolitical, independent, and non-governmental in nature, the UIA has been a pioneer in the research, monitoring and provision of information on international organizations, international associations and their global challenges since 1907.

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Slander

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