Recurrent droughts have driven large-scale migration in Africa. Large population movements - not just internationally but also within nations - have been a source of tension, instability, environmental degradation, and, at times, violence. There are an estimated 18 million cross-border environmental refugees today and another 20 million people internally displaced, living in temporary, refugee-like conditions. These refugees are not always welcome, and tensions can lead to violence as they did in Senegal when hundreds of migrants were killed in the wake of the 1973 drought, or in India when 1,700 Bengalis were massacred in 1983.