2. One of the foundations of political systems is ideology and yet most of the inherited ideologies are now in a state of decline. It is not that values or ethics are becoming any less important. Rather it is that the dominant ideologies, with their claim to offer total models of society, are bereft and impractical. They are unable to produce either convincing solutions to major social problems, or with inspiring ideals.
3. A motivating philosophy, political or religious, is needed from which to relate life and activity. If this need is not fulfilled apathy and alienation may result, also cynicism, materialism, and amoralism. Non-fulfilment of the need for ideology may arise from poverty or lack of material advantages and is exacerbated by injustices and inequality. Like individuals, it is impossible for nations to live without a conviction of moral direction, a generosity and purpose in national life; where there is no vision of the future, people will perish.