Haemorrhagic septicaemia

Nature

Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) is one of the most economically important pasteurelloses. Haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle and buffaloes was previously known to be associated with one of two serotypes of P. multocida: Asian B:2 and African E:2 according to the Carter-Heddleston system, or 6:B and 6:E using the Namioka-Carter system.

The disease occurs mainly in cattle and buffaloes, but has also been reported in goats (Capra aegagrus hircus), African buffalo (Syncerus nanus), camels, horses and donkeys (Equus africanus asinus), in pigs infected by serogroup B, and in wild elephants (Elephas maximus). Serotypes B:1 and B:3,4 have caused septicaemic disease in antelope (Antilocapra americana) and elk (Cervus canadensis), respectively. Serotype B:4 was associated with the disease in bison (Bison bison).

HS outbreaks were associated with serotype E:2 in Africa and serotype B:2 in Asia. Serotype E:2 was reported in Senegal, Mali, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Cameroon, the Central African Republic and Zambia. However, it is now inaccurate to associate outbreaks in Africa with serotype E:2, as many outbreaks of HS in Africa have now been associated with serogroup B. In the same manner, serogroup E has been associated with outbreaks in Asia; for instance, one record of "Asian serotype" B:2 was reported in Cameroon. Some reports showed that serotype B:2 may be present in some East African countries. Both serogroups B and E have been reported in Egypt and Sudan.

Natural routes of infection are inhalation and/or ingestion. Experimental transmission has succeeded using intranasal aerosol spray or oral drenching. When subcutaneous inoculation is used experimentally, it results in rapid onset of the disease, a shorter clinical course, and less marked pathological lesions, compared to the longer course of disease and more profound lesions associated with oral drenching and intranasal infection by aerosols.

When HS was introduced for the first time into a geographic area, morbidity and mortality rates were high, approaching 100% unless animals were treated in the very early stages of disease.

Source: Wikipedia

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(E) Emanations of other problems