Genetic defects and diseases

There are over 4,000 separately identified genetic disorders and diseases which are a major contributing factor to human mortality and morbidity. The burden imposed upon the individual, the family, and society by genetic disease and genetically determined detrimental deviations from normal, although varying according to situation, is considerable. It is recognized today that between three and four percent of all individuals are born with genetic anomalies. One-third of these are attributable to gene-mutations, whose frequency is 1 per 1,000 individuals (per generation and per gene): the diseases in this group include haemophilia, albinism and various metabolic diseases (alkaptonuria, phenylketonuria, galactosemia, etc). Another third are due to chromosomal aberrations - one out of every hundred persons is born carrying an anomaly of this type. Trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome, formerly called mongolism) is the most frequent example. The rest are induced by untoward events during the intra-uterine life of the foetus such as X-rays or other forms of radiation, rubella (German measles) or certain other viruses, and chemical substances. The vast majority of the 'errors' caused by chromosome rearrangements or by gene mutations are of a non-beneficial character for the individual affected. Each category of genetic disease presents different problems with respect to causes, prevention, diagnosis and treatment. There are 3,000 to 4,000 human genetic diseases, 500 of them linked to a defect in a single gene. Many of the disorders are extremely rare, but they also include: cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell anaemia, haemophilia, and Tay-Sachs disease.