Expulsion of immigrants and aliens
Name(s):
Extradition of foreigners
Deportation of aliens
Nature
Expulsion is an act of a public authority by which an alien is requested under threat of penalty or, if necessary, compelled to leave the territory of the country of his residence or stay.
The expression 'deportation' is used in the legislation of English-speaking countries; it has an entirely different meaning in French-speaking countries, where it denotes the punishment settlement outside the metropolitan territory of the country.
Expulsion should be distinguished from exclusion (rejection), as expulsion affects entry by aliens into the country. The distinction between expulsion and exclusion is not clearly defined in the legislation of some states and sometimes both result from the same administrative procedures. In practically all states a close link exists between the two measures: expulsion may be utilized to enforce exclusion, and aliens may be expelled without any time limitation on the grounds that they were liable to exclusion at the time of their entry.
Another measure which should be distinguished from expulsion is extradition - expulsion results from a unilateral decision of the state of residence or stay of the alien, and it is a measure taken in the interest of that state and does not prevent the expelled person, after leaving the territory of the state, from moving freely; extradition results from a bilateral arrangement between two interested states, and it is a measure taken in the interest of the state of enforced destination in cases where the person to be extradited is accused of having committed a criminal offence (other than a political offence or desertion), and consists in handing over that person to the authorities of the state requesting extradition.
Expulsion is carried out when the continued presence of an alien is considered to be undesirable by the authorities of the country of his residence or stay. This measure therefore ensures the enforcement of the country's immigration policy; it removes from its territory aliens who, since they have committed criminal offences, are deemed capable of committing such offences again, and aliens whose political views are not in accord with those of the government; expulsion diminishes public expenditure for relief to persons afflicted by indigency, illness and invalidism; and it is assumed to help the country economically by eliminating competition of foreigners with nationals and by removing manpower which is believed to be superfluous.
For the country of destination of the expelled person (generally his country of birth), his arrival is obviously considered a liability in the majority of cases. Even the family of the returning alien, if he has one, may not open its arms too widely; and the returning sick, criminal, aged, and dependent are often additional problems to plague a land usually more plentifully supplied with such than the land which has expelled them. As regards the impact of expulsion on immigrants, their removal from the country where they have been established seriously affects their material, social and moral position and that of their families. They find themselves deprived (sometimes in connection with circumstances of a temporary character, such as slackening of local production) of the positive acquisitions resulting from their residence in the country - relationships of personal, economic and social value; housing; fulfilment of periods of residence; and personal plans. Often such action causes a breaking-up of the person's family. Since the emigrant has severed his ties with his place of origin, his return there may mean greater hardship and increased difficulties.
Particular difficulties and hardships occur in the case of expelled persons who are unable to meet the costs of their return to their country of origin, which may be distant, or who are not acceptable to any country, or who are refugees whose return to their country would endanger their life or freedom. The effect on resident immigrants of the threat of removal through expulsion or exclusion, particularly if this may occur through no particular fault of their own but rather in connection with unemployment, illness or invalidism, retards the immigrants' adjustment to the environment and their assimilation.
Background
The expulsion of immigrants became a particularly important social problem after World War I, when laws restricting the admission of immigrants and tightening controls on those already admitted were issued in the principal countries of immigration. The depression which began in 1929 initiated in many countries a tendency to curtail and render the employment of aliens difficult, to encourage their departure from the country, and to enforce such departure by frequently resorting to the use of expulsion both in direct and indirect forms. The extensive use of the power to expel and, occasionally, the extension of legislative authority for such action, have continued to reflect the frequent fear of aliens and the growing tendency towards more severe treatment and greater discrimination between alien and citizen. It is not possible to obtain reliable statistical data referring to the expulsion of aliens; the fact that in some countries the departure of aliens is often enforced without following the formal expulsion procedure affects the significance of such data.
Incidence
In October 1999 in Belgium, 51 Slovak Gypsy refugees had been summoned to a Ghent police station to "check the details" of their applications for political asylum. On arrival, they were rounded up and transported to the detention centre 127 bis in Steenokkerzeel. Identical invitations had been sent to Gypsy refugees in Tienen. Up to 100 refugees were scheduled to be deported to Slovakia a week after that. The treatment of the asylum-seekers provoked angry protests from some political parties and public protests that were dispersed by police water cannons. However, the government claimed that those who refused to leave would not be forced to do so.
In October 1999, Belgium deported 74 Slovak Gypsies by plane, despite a last-minute plea from the European Court of Human Rights to delay the flight by eight days. In scenes recalling the treatment of Gypsies by the Nazis, police used indelible ink to mark seat numbers on their wrists or arms. Legislation changes were due to come into force the following week, and would have given illegal immigrants three weeks to make their case against deportation.
Claim
The deportation of an undesired alien may rid the country of immigration of that alien, but it does not necessarily solve the problems which he typifies; indeed, under some circumstances it may aggravate those problems. Deportation may divert attention from the removal of social conditions which, rather than the aliens themselves, are the real roots of the problems of crime, dependency, or mental disease. Deportation almost always affects others than just the deportees and in some cases it causes deep resentment both amongst the deported and amongst their friends and families who remain behind. Quite possibly total cessation of deportation would serve the national interest better than its continued indiscriminate use.
The problem becomes still more complex, and the policy more questionable, if one permits considerations of the interest of other countries, of the immigrant himself and of those associated with him, or of international relations, to enter in. Deportation rarely solves the problem; it simply passes it on in an aggravated form.
Broader
Narrower
Aggravates
Aggravated by
Strategy(ies)
Value(s)
Type
(D) Detailed problems