An early 1990s survey of sixty managers of US transnational corporations showed that they hesitate to select women for assignments abroad because of safety concerns, the hazards of travelling as well as loneliness and isolation, especially for single women.
A female cook in the British army, made redundant as an economy measure in 1994, applied for a job in the Royal Marines. She was turned down, because the RM do not accept women into its ranks. The European Court of Justice ruled in 1999 that, although employment decisions by the armed forces of EU member states are covered by the principle of equal treatment of men and women, implementing this principle also allows member states to exclude occupations for which sex is a determining factor. Consequently, a job in a commando unit can be for men only.