Exogenous economic conditions hindering development
Nature:
All countries, but particularly developing ones, are vulnerable to violent disturbances in world, regional or bilateral economic relations and conditions. Import costs and export earnings vary unfavourably with exchange rate fluctuations, the volume of trade is negatively impacted by recession, and world interest rates and inflation may be susceptible to erratic but persistent increases. Other foreign constraints on domestic conditions are oil price increases and disturbances due to wars or hostile actions. The inadequacies of developing countries' reserves are apparent when externally caused crises emerge.