Outright government opposition to population control is broadly based on three factors: religious influence, military considerations and economic expansion. Whenever government rejection of population control occurs it calls into question the attempts made by other nations, creating international tension and the potential risk of war. Apart from this, it overrides ecological and standard-of-living considerations and encourages elitism. Milder opposition may form part of a self-determination effort against population programmes devised by other nations, and from underpopulation in comparative terms.