Boreal forest is among the last of the earth's forest regions to be widely exploited for industrial economies. Timber and mineral extraction are fairly recent land uses but they have increased greatly in extent since the mid 20th century. Other ecological threats (besides non-sustainable forestry) that the Boreal region faces are: (1) air pollution from smelters and power plants; (2) radioactivity from atomic power and weapons testing; (3) water pollution and disruption of habitats if commercialization of a northern shipping route from Tokyo to Rotterdam becomes a reality; (4) adverse impact of new mineral and oil/gas extraction; and (5) new threats to endangered species.